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On the Question of Current and Future Lockdowns

On the Question of Current and Future Lockdowns


Simply discussing COVID-19 will undoubtedly make this letter controversial and, in some circles, political. That is not my intent. I truly believe that something affecting all of us so deeply should be kept in the scientific realm to the extent possible, not the political. Sadly, that is not the case today in many countries.

My theme today is on the pandemic’s future economic impact, especially in the United States. It is relatively easy to look back and see what happened, but I am more interested in future responses. In the US, we have tried a wide variety of experiments in various states over the past six months, some which seem to have worked and some that have been less effective.

I am going to make some suggestions about how we move from here. I can guarantee you that no one will be happy with everything I write. This is an emotional issue. What follows are just my feelings and observations.

In general, here is what we have learned.

First, the median age of fatalities seems to be around 80. Deaths below that age level are highly associated with one or more conditions like obesity, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, a weakened immune system, etc. Deaths among those under 20 are quite rare.

The estimated Infection Fatality Rate is close to zero for younger adults but rises sharply with age, reaching about 0.3% for ages 50–59, 1.3% for ages 60–69, 4% for ages 70–79, and 10% for ages 80–89. 

That is not to say that every death does not matter, and when it is your loved one, it is tragic. I get that. Truly, I do. But according to CDC data, only about 6% of COVID-19 deaths were from COVID-19 alone. All the others had at least one comorbidity associated with them and, on average, all US deaths had 2.6 additional conditions.

Second, the lockdowns created a depression-like economic reaction in the first quarter and even though the economy has rebounded, it is still in severe recession territory. It’s impossible to say otherwise when over 800,000 are people still applying for unemployment benefits every week.

Third, both health and economic impacts have skewed toward those of lower income and ability to recover. Those of us lucky enough to have jobs where we can work from home have seen relatively less damage, and in some cases even improvement, at least from an employment standpoint.

With the benefit of hindsight, I am sure that we would’ve made different choices in terms of our response to the disease. It would’ve been nice to have a stockpile of N95 masks and other PPE gear. Efforts are underway to remedy that problem, but those will likely take years to actually prove successful.

A Bit of Good News

The justifiable concern about hospitals being able to handle large numbers of cases seems to have improved. Further, treatment practices and medicines have increased and will continue to get better.

Likewise, hundreds of vaccines are in some stages of trial/testing. There are over 30 vaccines currently in a phase 3 trial. To put it in hockey or soccer terms, that is over 200 shots on goal.

Given the wide variety of approaches, most will either fail because they don’t work or have harmful side effects, or they are uneconomic. But the good news is we only need a few to help bring the disease under control.

Further, as time passes, we get closer to herd immunity. And while that is a nebulous concept, as we are not sure quite what the number is for this particular virus (here the scientists strongly disagree with each other), like every flu pandemic that we have had in the past 70 years, herd immunity is eventually reached. We have to hope that immunity to this virus is long lasting, otherwise all bets are off.

As an aside, everyone has learned today that the elderly long-term care facilities are at risk. In many countries, 50% to 60% of COVID-19 deaths are from care facilities. In some countries, it approaches 80%. While every death is horrible, life expectancy for those victims was often short already. The length of stay data are striking:

  • The median length of stay in a nursing home before death was five months 
  • 65% died within one year of nursing home admission 
  • 53% died within six months of nursing home admission 

There is a reason insurance companies that offer long-term healthcare insurance provide a significant discount for the first 90-day exclusion clause. That is because they know the risk of dying soon after you enter a healthcare facility is quite high. That’s just a very sad actuarial fact.

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Cases in the US are now trending down with the exception of locations associated with super spreader events like the Sturgis motorcycle gathering. It was more than just North and South Dakota, but you can track increases back to where a motorcyclist went home and see smaller spikes there.

What Do We Do Now?

Many experts see high odds of an increase in both cases and hospitalizations (and thus deaths) as winter approaches. There will be a natural tendency to want to go back into lockdown mode. We can’t do it.

A lockdown on the level that we had in the second quarter would throw the economy into yet another depression scenario that would be even harder to escape. Hundreds of thousands of small businesses, and a few larger ones, are simply going to go out of business as it stands today. That represents millions of jobs. Another lockdown would make the situation even worse.

Interestingly, according to the Wall Street Journal, “The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in its 2017 community mitigation guidelines for pandemic flu, didn’t recommend stay-at-home orders or closing nonessential businesses even for a flu as severe as the one a century ago.”  The World Health Organization (WHO) Writing Group, after reviewing the literature and considering contemporary international experience, concluded that “forced isolation and quarantine are ineffective and impractical.” Canada’s pandemic guidelines concluded that restrictions on movement were “impractical if not impossible.” 

Of course, there were other authorities and government officials who disagreed with those suggestions and promoted lockdowns. I am not going to argue whether or not the decisions were proper. That’s water under the bridge. I am arguing that we cannot pursue future lockdowns to the extent that we did.

So what do we do?

First, we have to figure out how to protect those who are most vulnerable. They must be supplied with N95 masks.

Second, we need to recognize that people are dying as a secondary effect to the lockdowns. There is a significant spike in deaths of despair, drug use, and suicide. Doctors in Denver noticed that there was a reduction of heart attack victims coming to hospitals. They found that the number of people dying of cardiac arrest at home in the two weeks following the statewide stay-at-home order was greater than the total number of people who died of COVID-19 in the city during that time.

New cancer diagnoses have fallen off significantly. That means people are not coming in for checkups, and when (or if) their cancer is eventually discovered, it will be later stage and thus more likely to be fatal.

In England, there was a 50% decline in admissions for heart attacks as people were concerned about going into hospitals with COVID-19 patients. The result was 40% more people dying from lower-risk treatable heart conditions. For strokes, the situation is further exacerbated by living alone and not having visitors as 98% of emergency calls for strokes are made by someone else.

(My own daughter, Amanda, who was the picture of health, experienced a severe stroke. Fortunately, her husband found her within a few minutes, as he was working from home. He got her to the hospital where she recovered. Now she is back out in the community and working, but many are not so fortunate.)

There are other knock-on effects. Tuberculosis kills 1.5 million people each year. According to one estimate, a three-month lockdown across different parts of the world and a gradual return to normal over 10 months could result in an additional 6.3 million cases of tuberculosis and 1.4 million deaths. A six-month disruption of antiretroviral therapy may lead to more than 500,000 additional deaths from illnesses related to HIV, according to the WHO. Another WHO model predicted that in the worst-case scenario, deaths from malaria could double to 770,000 per year.

While lockdown may seem to protect us from an immediate known problem, the unintended consequences are killing just as many people from different sources and few of those deaths make it into the media.

Third, we need to do the obvious. While the use of masks is controversial in some quarters, and not legally mandated everywhere, I believe we should continue using masks in public places—especially if you are older (like me) or have a comorbidity. Social distancing is also effective. Interestingly, normal flus and other infectious diseases are down thanks to social distancing and mask usage. (Dr. Mike Roizen and I wrote about this last June, and it is still accurate.)

Fourth, until we have a vaccine or have clearly obtained herd immunity, and the risk is no more than that of a normal flu, we should avoid mass events like football games and arena sports. And it should go without saying to wash your hands frequently.

And speaking of herd immunity, let me refer to a country that is somewhat controversial: Sweden. It did not pursue a lockdown strategy. It kept its schools open and reopened them again. It had 5,800 deaths as of a few weeks ago. Seventy percent of those deaths were in long-term care facilities, most of them occurred early on, providing the spike in its initial death rates. And while everyone was agonizing over the deaths in Sweden, there were more deaths in Sweden in 1993 and 2000 from the flu than from COVID-19 this last year.

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Today, deaths and hospitalizations in Sweden are in the single digits and zero most days.  Its policy worked, at least for the Swedes. Sweden may be a bad analogy for the US. Its population simply has less comorbidities.  

Fifth, we need to figure out more precise and reasonable social-distancing methodologies. Arbitrary 50% rules for restaurants may not make sense in every case. The actual distance between tables is what is important. Most restaurants, for example, can’t be profitable at 50% capacity. The same goes for almost any retail business or public place.

Sixth, businesses should consider reserving times for those who need additional protective measures. Again, using the restaurant example, maybe dinner from four to six for those who are older or vulnerable so that they can feel comfortable getting out again, with more distancing between tables for that period of time.

Seventh, we clearly need to improve the availability of not just masks and other protective gear but also important drugs and medical supplies. Temporary tax breaks to encourage the building of facilities within the US may be useful. I know that a bill has been introduced in Congress to make it easier to produce pharmaceuticals and equipment within Puerto Rico.

(Interestingly, not that long ago, there were significant tax advantages for pharmaceutical companies to locate production in Puerto Rico. For whatever reason, those were removed and eventually the pharmaceutical companies left, but there are still enormous facilities that could once again be used for pharmaceutical production.

Eighth, I wrote about the potential for 205 to 222 nm ultraviolet light (UVC) to kill not only this coronavirus but all viruses and bacteria without harming humans. It turns out there are several companies working on such products. Right now, they are terribly expensive. But with the development of a simple LED capable of producing that light, the cost would drop by several magnitudes. Not only would this protect us from COVID-19, but it would protect us from other infections in the future. It would help in other ways, too. Fifty thousand people a year die from hospital-acquired infections. This would cut that into a fraction. This type of lighting should become ubiquitous not only in businesses but also in the homes of at-risk people.

It would not take a great deal of money to make many research centers focus on developing cheaper LEDs for UVC light. We would probably recover the investment quickly just by needing less PPE gear, which must be constantly replenished. Not to mention the future lives saved around the world. Honestly, this is probably the most productive suggestion I made so far, at least from a long-term standpoint.

The Risk of a COVID-19 Spike and the Federal Reserve

Dr. Woody Brock, in his latest “Quarterly Profile,” gave us the submitted wisdom:

Looked at differently, the Fed's newest policy can be viewed as a substitution of fragility monitoring for inflation monitoring.  Powell has just stated that the Fed will now tolerate more inflation than it used to. One reason why was his concern with economic fragility -- fragility which has been created by interest rates that have been too low for too long.

Another lockdown and the economy slipping back into depression would tempt the Federal Reserve to enact even more aggressive quantitative easing, since it can no longer cut rates. That would have the unintended consequence of potentially increasing inflation, which the Federal Reserve is absolutely certain it can control (of course it is absolutely certain), and will make the economy even more fragile.

While I agree with Woody, I think the Fed has been managing fragility for decades. It was the famous “Fed put.” It has certainly made the world more fragile. And while it may seem a little arcane to want to avoid a lockdown in order to keep from tempting the Fed to give us more QE, this economist sees that as a quite worthy goal—ninth or tenth on my list, for sure, and way below doing the things necessary to preserve life, but it is still there.

It Is Time to Open Up the Economy, Slowly

I am not suggesting we open up the economy overnight. But we do need to open it up in an orderly fashion as soon as possible with the above caveats about masks, social distancing, and clearly no mass events until there is a vaccine, or the disease, like all flus in the past 50 years, simply and obviously runs its course.

I recognize that there is somewhat of a contradiction in my position. I am saying that there is a potential for the disease to spike again this winter. But because herd immunity, at whatever level we are at, has already been somewhat improved, that spike should be of lesser magnitude. Further, we have better treatments and our hospitals are not threatened with being overrun. Sometime in 2021, with or without a vaccine, we should be able to treat this as a simple risk along the lines of a normal flu, and go about our day-to-day lives.  

I will close by offering this collection of links from a close friend, who for personal business reasons must remain anonymous. He obviously leans toward the “end the lockdowns now” camp, but he provides scores of links to scientific articles and journals to back up his position. I found it quite useful. I get about this much data from one source who seemingly collects everything written within the last 24 hours and provides pages of links and summaries. It can be a bit overwhelming, but it is also encouraging to see the progress being made on the vaccine front.

There are no good or easy choices, and certainly none that will make everybody happy.

Personal Observations

We find out today (as you read this) what the new restrictions will be in Puerto Rico. Right now, they are relatively strict in some areas. Restaurants are open at 50% capacity, but alcohol is not served after 7 PM, and everything is pretty much shut down on Sunday. The current governor, who lost in her last primary election and immediately imposed much stricter lockdown rules, will tell us the new rules. The informal “betting” market is split between things being mismo (Spanish for the same) or more severe. I hope they are both wrong, in that I hope it loosens up bit, at least from the exercise/gym standpoint. A lot of people would like to get back to work. Tourism is way down.

I do hope the bill that was introduced in Congress will make its way through, as making Puerto Rico a new pharmaceutical and PPE production center would be fabulous for local workers. As an aside, the entire island is an opportunity zone, and there are numerous new projects being worked on to take advantage of that. I think that in 10 years, Puerto Rico will be a relatively much more prosperous island.

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John Mauldin Thoughts from the Frontline
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Discussion

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0 comments

critch1285@aol.com
Sep. 30, 2020, 4:37 p.m.

You comment that 94% of the deaths of people that contracted Covid had pre-exsisting conditions as if it was the existing condition that contributed to their death.  If there was no Covid-19 to start with would those people have died if it didn’t exist.  If you have a pre-existing condition doesn’t mean you are on your way out.  In my mind, Covid killed them and not the existing condition. 

Dave Robinson
Sep. 19, 2020, 1:28 p.m.

I emailed this note below to John on Sept 12, but did not hear back. So, I’m posting here in case my email was incorrectly addressed.

I agree that we need to open the US economy back up. I live in Utah, a red state, and see daily that a significant percentage of the population do not back up this sentiment with their own actions. The use of masks has been so politicized that most people don’t wear masks here, and when they do, their noses are not covered.

Everyone needs to wear masks, and wear them correctly, in order to get the entire population comfortable that they will be safe in stores and restaurants. This anti-mask behavior is having a negative impact on re-opening, and consumer behavior. We need to all be in this together and realize we’re all on the same team!

Another topic that concerns me as a father of teens, is the long term consequences of contracting COVID-19. I see very little coverage on the damage (not death) that this disease causes. We may see long term healthcare cost impacts, not to mention quality of life impacts. I’ll leave you with a few links to some articles:

NEUROLOGICAL
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/55-of-coronavirus-patients-still-have-neurological-problems-three-months-later-study-2020-08-07

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30228-5/fulltext
“During SARS-CoV-2 infection, 41/60 (68.33%) patients had neurological symptoms and over 50% recovered patients still had symptoms 3 months later.”


CARDIOVASCULAR
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2768916
“cardiac involvement in 78 patients (78%) and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60 patients (60%), which was independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness”

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2770645
Ohio State: “Of 26 competitive athletes, 4 (15%) had CMR findings suggestive of myocarditis and 8 additional athletes (30.8%) exhibited LGE without T2 elevation suggestive of prior myocardial injury”

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265561v1.full
“In addition to myofibril disruption, we also identified changes in the nuclei of CMs after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, with many cells exhibiting a complete lack of nuclear DNA” ... “Physically intact cardiomyocytes lacking nuclear DNA would normally reflect a terminal event”

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2768914
In autopsies of 39 people, 16 had SARS-CoV-2 RNA above 1000 / microgram RNA, and 5 of these 16 ” showed signs of viral replication within the myocardial tissue.”


REPRODUCTIVE (male)
https://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(20)30761-0/fulltext#.X0pjOGKLn6A.twitter
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214388220300448
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405456920301449
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-male-infertility-research-shows-that-sars-cov-2-coronavirus-may-indirectly-cause-testicular-damage-in-male-covid-19-patients-and-also-orchiti

This is just a sampling of articles I’ve found on damage in people who have “recovered”. If only some of these health issues turn out to occur and/or at rates half of what are mentioned, the sheer magnitude of the impact is staggering considering how many people have been infected with SAR-CoV-2. I know I’m extrapolating, but I’m trying to look several years out.

David Rogers 65973286
Sep. 18, 2020, 11:07 a.m.

Having just made a trip to several National chain department stores in search of a specific common item (kitchen timer) I was amazed at the sparse supply selection. one or 2 facings where there used to be 4-5 and at least 40% of the “hooks” empty. However i found what i needed (settled for what was available) but on the way out remembered the need for a birthday card (sparked by walking past the card section) and made a second purchase.

This prompted my thought/question- how many POS purchases are missed when we are directing shoppers (whether intentionally (Covid) or as a strategy) to on-line shopping?
Just made me wonder if a look at POS studies of yore might give us a hint of where we should be going as opposed to where we are going.

DaveR

William Vogel
Sep. 15, 2020, 1:31 p.m.

Excellent piece.  However, there is never a need to give ever more tax breaks to the good Citizens of Puerto Rico.  They, like everyone else, must learn to make a living with the island they have, and not steal jobs from states and towns in main land America.

david@planetburke.com
Sep. 14, 2020, 1:16 p.m.

I think the true difference between Covid-19 and the flu resides not in mortality but with morbidity.  The Covid virus, unlike influenza, unleashes a maelstrom of immune responses, such as the Cytokine storm, which often damages the heart and liver as well as the lungs.  There is a growing body of medical literature detailing underlying cardiac and hepatic damage in asymptomatic and recovered patients both young and old.  In addition, there is a growing population of “Long Haulers"who are significantly debilitated for months after recovery. By comparison, recovery from the flu is rarely accompanied by any latent physiological damage.

For those of us old enough to remember, the long term societal consequences of minimizing the Covid-19 pandemic will probably more resemble polio than influenza.

Tim Robertson
Sep. 14, 2020, 11:35 a.m.

The general view from all but those on the far right in the UK is that Sweden is pretty wild/reckless example of keeping your economy open. Their closest comparators in terms of culture/economies etc are their Scandi neighbours, who had fewer hospitalisations and deaths relative to their populations than Sweden did.  Although the likes of Norway and Denmark did have big economic hits, because they essentially wiped out the virus in their countries, the following rebound has been quick (though Norway is impacted by the price of oil).  Surely a South Korea would’ve been a better example here, with no major lockdown but a great track and trace system of isolation.  If the U.S can develop such a system then they shouldn’t need to consider a second major lockdown, but if they can’t then they absolutely should - and they will (politically) have to.  No-one in either party will be able to standby and do nothing, or very little, while cases extrapolate again.

F ALLEN MORGAN
Sep. 14, 2020, 10:47 a.m.

I’m with you on this one.  Unfortunately, although you present some fine statistics about lock downs and reason’s why they have a much hidden side affect (and seldom talked about), I find that for every article talking about opening up, there’s two about insisting on closing and tightening up. And its is being driven by political concerns, especially in the presidential race.
I believe you present good numbers and a rational/reasonable view point, but its in a sea of noise and fear.  Also, you touch upon that we can’t simply look at covid deaths as a pure singular number, it must be compared to other risk’s that we currently live with every day - such as other diseases, other virus’s, travel/accident risks…otherwise we just simply want to avoid any risk that covid presents - which is simply an unaware/unreasonable view point.

Also, the current back to schooling debacle going on is one I can’t fathom (other than protecting teachers at the expense of schooling the kids) since kids have such a low rate of bad outcomes.  Yes, many teachers are in a risk group, but its not like in years past, they didn’t work in a high virus environment.  And yet they survived.  In 2018, didn’t they have a flue virus going around, did they shut down/remote teaching?  No.  ...Yet I digress.

Jnotaro@vectoram.com
Sep. 13, 2020, 9:47 p.m.

The economics versus health risk argument makes sense on the surface. But in the US, there are are some facts that make this difficult.

1. Americans are extremely unhealthy and therefore probably more vulnerable to complications from the disease.  78% of adults over 55 years of age have 1 or more chronic health conditions. These are not only the very old, those 55 to 64 that one issue are 69.5% (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_policy/adult_chronic_conditions.htm). 

2. Americans are still not likely to follow basic hygiene habits to limit the spread of infectious diseases. Masks and hand washing are now accepted ways to combat the spread by around 3/4 of the population (up from only 10% before). But this should be nearly universal and non-controversial if everyone is expected to be comfortable to return to business in some type of normal fashion.

Not accounting for these two factors means a full reopening just means we are accepting a large number of cases with whatever issues and deaths result as collateral damage. I live in Japan now where the disease is much less of an issue. Reopening fully seems much more plausible here. It seems like better overall health and dedication to simple disease related hygiene are the reasons.

John Morris 1965
Sep. 13, 2020, 9:39 p.m.

Interestingly, I saw Bohemian Rhapsody a few hours after reading this article. The movie ended noting that Freddie Mercury died from AIDS-related bronchial pneumonia. Your logic suggests we shouldn’t consider that an AIDS-related death, which seems politically motivated to me. Why should it even matter? There will be a certain number of deaths above and beyond that which would have occurred without COVID-19, and they may increase or decrease as the result of lockdowns (which I don’t think anyone is calling for anyway) but there is no need to diminish those deaths to make your argument.

bnn.donaldson@yahoo.com
Sep. 13, 2020, 8:22 p.m.

Stockpiling N-95 masks and other PPE is only a partial solution.  These all break down and start to disintegrate after a few years, at best.  What we must have is USA manufacturing of our essential needs so we can shorten the global supply chain, which completely broke down when we most needed it.
As for calling the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally a super-spreader event, this is no more accurate than calling the reopening of schools, as well as the mass protesting (with perpetrators traveling long distances to instigate rioting and looting) super-spreader events.  Even the leftist Snopes says that the Sturgis allegations are unproven.  The non-peer reviewed working paper by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics contained bad data and questionable strategy. The best article I have seen on the study is from WIRED Magazine: https://www.wired.com/story/how-much-do-crowds-contribute-to-covid-its-complicated/
As for comparing Sweden to the USA, it simply does not work.  A small relatively homogeneous country does not compare to a highly divided, politically insane, and socially/racially diverse nation.
I fail to see how we are going to reach the erroneously-named herd immunity if we do not open up and let people become ill.  Including so-called super-spreader events.  Protect those who are at risk and let the rest out, or we will be in this horror for years.  Viruses mutate and this one may be around forever, just as the common cold coronavirus has been.  Vaccines may be somewhat effective but they are going to take more time than we wish to be tested, approved, mass produced and then sold to the public.  Not to mention administered, and in multiple doses.  The very people who most need the vaccines, the elderly and immunocompromised and chronically sick are those whom vaccines do not work well on, because vaccines require a fairly robust immunity to produce antibody.  Not to mention that a lot of people no longer trust the national health bureaucrats as far as anything they say or recommend, including vaccines.  The media and their owners have politicized this pandemic beyond all reason and we are reaping the consequences.  The old, tried and true “divide and conquer” has not been a thoughtful approach to guiding national public health policy.
I started my career as a RN during the Hong Kong Flu back in 1967 and 1968.  We dealt with this major killer entirely without PPE, we did not flinch, we simply got on with it.  No one locked down or freaked out.  We understood that death is a part of life, and that we are vulnerable humans who have to cooperate and do the best we can.  And as you are fond of saying, John, muddle through.
John, thanks for the update on Amanda.  Finally.  A lot of us have worried about her and wondered how she is doing.  It makes me happy to know she is thriving again.

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